Drive mechanisms for robot arms

ABSTRACT

A robot arm comprising a joint mechanism for articulating one limb of the arm relative to another limb of the arm about two non-parallel rotation axes, the mechanism comprising: an intermediate carrier attached to a first one of the limbs by a first revolute joint having a pitch rotation axis and to a second one of the limbs by a second revolute joint having a yaw rotation axis; a first drive gear disposed about the pitch rotation axis, the first drive gear being fast with the carrier; a second drive gear disposed about the yaw rotation axis, the second drive gear being fast with the second one of the limbs; a first drive shaft for driving the first drive gear to rotate about the pitch rotation axis, the first drive shaft extending along the first one of the limbs and having a first shaft gear thereon, the first shaft gear being arranged to engage the first drive gear; a second drive shaft for driving the second drive gear to rotate about the yaw rotation axis, the second drive shaft extending along the first one of the limbs and having a second shaft gear thereon; and an intermediate gear train borne by the carrier and coupling the second shaft gear to the second drive gear.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119 of UnitedKingdom Patent Application No. 1512959.6 filed on Jul. 22, 2015 which ishereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for allpurposes.

This application also relates to U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______entitled DRIVE MECHANISMS FOR ROBOT ARMS (Attorney Docket No.C2200-700711), by Thomas Bates Jackson, Luke David Ronald Hares, KeithMarshall and Steven James Randle, filed on even date herewith, and U.S.patent application Ser. No. ______ entitled DRIVE MECHANISMS FOR ROBOTARMS (Attorney Docket No. C2200-700712), by Thomas Bates Jackson, LukeDavid Ronald Hares, Keith Marshall and Steven James Randle, filed oneven date herewith. All of these related applications are incorporatedherein by reference.

BACKGROUND

This invention relates to drive arrangements for robot joints, withparticular relevance to robot wrists.

Robots that are required to manipulate objects, which may for example beindustrial or surgical robots, frequently have an arm composed of rigidelements which are linked together in series by a number of flexiblejoints. The joints could be of any type but are typically revolutejoints, or a combination of revolute and prismatic joints. The armextends from a base, whose location might be fixed or moveable, andterminates in a tool or an attachment for a tool. The tool could, forexample be a gripping, cutting, illuminating, irradiating or imagingtool. The final joint in the arm may be termed the wrist. The wrist maypermit motion about only a single axis, or it may be a complex orcompound articulation, which permits rotation about multiple axes. Asdisclosed in our co-pending patent application PCT/GB2014/053523, thewrist may provide two roll joints whose axes are generally longitudinalto the arm, separated by two pitch/yaw joints, whose axes are generallytransverse to the arm. In the case of a surgical robot there are anumber of important criteria that influence the design of the distaljoint(s) of the arm.

1. It is desirable for the arm, and particularly its distal portionwhere the wrist is located, to be small in size. That allows multiplesuch robot arms to work in close proximity and hence opens up a widerrange of surgical procedures that the arm can perform.

2. It is desirable for the outer profile of the distal portion of thearm to be circularly symmetrical about the length of the arm. Thisallows the distal portion to be rotated longitudinally without having tobe repositioned if it is close to another robot, to some other equipmentor to the patient.

3. It is desirably for the joints to be capable of delivering a hightorque, so that they can carry heavier tools and deliver highacceleration to the tool tip.

4. It is desirable for the joints to be stiff, with little or nobacklash or elasticity, so that when a tool tip has been positioned itwill be fixed in position. A conventional approach to minimisingbacklash is to designate one or more gear elements as sacrificial, butthis requires a high level of maintenance, and can result in worn gearparticles being liberated within the arm.

5. It is desirable for all articulations to have position andforce/torque sensors, so that the control mechanism can take data fromthose sensors.

6. It is desirable for the distal portion of the robot arm to be aslight as possible, to reduce the force that must be exerted by moreproximal joints of the robot arm.

7. A typical robot arm carries cables that provide power to its drivemotors and perhaps to a tool, and carry signals back from sensors suchas position, torque and imaging sensors. It is desirable for the arm toinclude a path for such cables to pass in the interior of the arm.

8. It is desirable for there to be a method of cooling for the motorsdriving the distal joints of the robot arm and payload or tool.

The number of important criteria makes it difficult to design an armthat best balances all the requirements.

One particular problem is how to fit the motors and gearing into thewrist of a robot arm. The arrangement should be compact but also allowfor high stiffness and torque transfer. Many existing designs compromiseone of these criteria. There is a need for an improved drive arrangementfor a joint of a robot arm.

SUMMARY

According to the present invention there is provided a robot armcomprising a joint mechanism for articulating one limb of the armrelative to another limb of the arm about two non-parallel rotationaxes, the mechanism comprising: an intermediate carrier attached to afirst one of the limbs by a first revolute joint having a first rotationaxis and to a second one of the limbs by a second revolute joint havinga second rotation axis; a first drive gear disposed about the firstrotation axis, the first drive gear being fast with the carrier; asecond drive gear disposed about the second rotation axis, the seconddrive gear being fast with the second one of the limbs; a first driveshaft for driving the first drive gear to rotate about the firstrotation axis, the first drive shaft extending along the first one ofthe limbs and having a first shaft gear thereon, the first shaft gearbeing arranged to engage the first drive gear; a second drive shaft fordriving the second drive gear to rotate about the second rotation axis,the second drive shaft extending along the first one of the limbs andhaving a second shaft gear thereon; and an intermediate gear train borneby the carrier and coupling the second shaft gear to the second drivegear.

The intermediate gear train may comprise a first intermediate geardisposed about the first rotation axis, the first intermediate gearbeing arranged to engage the second shaft gear. The first intermediategear may be rotatable about the first rotation axis.

The robot arm may further comprise a control unit arranged to respond tocommand signals commanding motion of the robot arm by driving the firstand second drive shafts to rotate. The control unit may be configuredto, when the robot arm is commanded to articulate about the first axiswithout articulating about the second axis, drive the first shaft torotate to cause articulation about the first axis and also drive thesecond shaft to rotate in such a way as to negate parasitic articulationabout the second axis. The control unit may be configured to performthat action automatically.

The intermediate gear train may comprise a plurality of interlinkedgears arranged to rotate about axes parallel with the first rotationaxis.

The intermediate gear train may comprise an intermediate shaft arrangedto rotate about an axis parallel with the first rotation axis. Theintermediate shaft may have a third shaft gear thereon, the third shaftgear being arranged to engage the second drive gear.

The interlinked gears are on one side of a plane perpendicular to thefirst axis and containing the teeth of the first drive gear, and atleast part of the third shaft gear is on the other side of that plane.

The third shaft gear may be a worm gear: i.e. a gear whose tooth/teethfollow a helical path. One or both of the first and second shaft gearsmay be worm gears.

One or both of the first drive gears may be bevel gear(s): i.e. gearswhose pitch surface is a straight-sided or curved cone and/or whoseteeth are arranged on such a cone. The tooth lines may be straight orcurved. One or both of the first drive gears may be skew axis gear(s).

The first drive gear may be a part-circular gear. At least part of thesecond drive gear may intersect a circle about the first axis that iscoincident with the radially outermost part of the first drive gear. Atleast part of the intermediate shaft may intersect a circle about thefirst axis that is coincident with the radially outermost part of thefirst drive gear.

According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provideda robot arm comprising a joint mechanism for articulating one limb ofthe arm relative to another limb of the arm about two non-parallelrotation axes, the mechanism comprising: an intermediate carrierattached to a first one of the limbs by a first revolute joint having afirst rotation axis and to a second one of the limbs by a secondrevolute joint having a second rotation axis; a first drive geardisposed about the first rotation axis, the first drive gear being fastwith the carrier; a second drive gear disposed about the second rotationaxis, the second drive gear being fast with the second one of the limbs;a first drive shaft for driving the first drive gear to rotate about thefirst rotation axis, the first drive shaft extending along the first oneof the limbs and having a first shaft gear thereon, the first shaft gearbeing arranged to engage the first drive gear; a second drive shaft fordriving the second drive gear to rotate about the second rotation axis,the second drive shaft extending along the first one of the limbs on afirst side of a plane containing the second rotation axis and extendingthrough that plane to the second side of that plane; and an intermediatelinkage that meshes with the second drive shaft on the second side ofthe plane and that couples the second shaft gear to the second drivegear.

The second shaft may comprise a flexible element. The flexible elementis located on the first rotation axis. The flexible element may be auniversal joint.

The second shaft is coupled to the carrier by a revolute joint on thesecond side of the said plane.

The second drive shaft may have a second shaft gear on the second sideof the said plane. The intermediate linkage may comprise an intermediateshaft having a first intermediate gear that meshes with the second shaftgear and a second intermediate gear that meshes with the second drivegear.

The second drive shaft may be arranged to rotate about an axisperpendicular to the second rotation axis.

The second intermediate gear may be a worm gear. The first shaft gearmay be a worm gear.

One or both of the first drive gears may be bevel gear(s). One or bothof the first drive gears may be skew axis gear(s).

The first drive gear may be a part-circular gear. At least part of thesecond drive gear may intersect a circle about the first axis that iscoincident with the radially outermost part of the first drive gear.

According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided arobot arm comprising a joint mechanism for articulating one limb of thearm relative to another limb of the arm about two non-parallel rotationaxes, the mechanism comprising: an intermediate carrier attached to afirst one of the limbs by a first revolute joint having a first rotationaxis and to a second one of the limbs by a second revolute joint havinga second rotation axis; a first drive gear disposed about the firstrotation axis, the first drive gear being fast with the carrier; asecond drive gear disposed about the second rotation axis, the seconddrive gear being fast with the second one of the limbs; a first driveshaft for driving the first drive gear to rotate about the firstrotation axis, the first drive shaft extending along the first one ofthe limbs and having a first shaft gear thereon, the first shaft gearbeing arranged to engage the first drive gear; a second drive shaft fordriving the second drive gear to rotate about the second rotation axis,the second drive shaft extending along the first one of the limbs andhaving a second shaft gear thereon, the second shaft gear being arrangedto engage the second drive gear; the second drive shaft comprising aprismatic joint whereby the length of the shaft can vary in response tomotion of the carrier about the first axis.

The prismatic joint may be a sliding splined coupling.

The second dive shaft may comprise a first flexible joint on one side ofthe prismatic joint and a second flexible joint on the other side of theprismatic joint.

The second drive shaft may be connected by a revolute joint to thecarrier on the opposite side of the second flexible joint to theprismatic joint.

One or both of the first and second shaft gears may be worm gears.

One or both of the first drive gears may be bevel gear(s). One or bothof the first drive gears may be skew axis gear(s). The first drive gearmay be a part-circular gear.

At least part of the second drive gear may intersect a circle about thefirst axis that is coincident with the radially outermost part of thefirst drive gear.

The first and second axes may be orthogonal. The first and second axesmay intersect each other.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will now be described by way of example withreference to the accompanying drawings.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a general representation of a surgical robot arm.

FIG. 2 shows in more detail the rotation axes at the wrist of the arm ofFIG. 1.

FIG. 3 shows part of a first wrist mechanism from distally and one side.

FIG. 4 shows part of the first wrist mechanism from distally and theother side.

FIG. 5 shows part of a second wrist mechanism from proximally and oneside.

FIG. 6 shows part of the second wrist mechanism from distally and oneside.

FIG. 7 shows a third wrist mechanism from distally and one side.

FIG. 8 shows the third wrist mechanism from distally and the other side.

FIG. 9 shows the third wrist mechanism in section on a centrallongitudinal plane viewed from one side.

FIG. 10 shows the third wrist mechanism in section on a centrallongitudinal plane viewed from the other side.

FIG. 11 illustrates communication paths in a robot arm.

FIG. 12 shows a terminal module for a robot arm in longitudinalcross-section.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The wrist mechanisms to be described below have been found to providecompact and mechanically advantageous arrangements for at least some ofthe joints of a robot wrist, or for other applications.

FIG. 1 shows a surgical robot having an arm 1 which extends from a base2. The arm comprises a number of rigid limbs 3. The limbs are coupled byrevolute joints 4. The most proximal limb 3 a is coupled to the base byjoint 4 a. It and the other limbs are coupled in series by further onesof the joints 4. A wrist 5 is made up of four individual revolutejoints. The wrist 5 couples one limb (3 b) to the most distal limb (3 c)of the arm. The most distal limb 3 c carries an attachment 8 for asurgical instrument or tool 9. Each joint 4 of the arm has one or moremotors 6 which can be operated to cause rotational motion at therespective joint, and one or more position and/or torque sensors 7 whichprovide information regarding the current configuration and/or load atthat joint. For clarity, only some of the motors and sensors are shownin FIG. 1. The arm may be generally as described in our co-pendingpatent application PCT/GB2014/053523. The attachment point 8 for a toolcan suitably comprise any one or more of: (i) a formation permitting atool to be mechanically attached to the arm, (ii) an interface forcommunicating electrical and/or optical power and/or data to and/or fromthe tool, and (iii) a mechanical drive for driving motion of a part of atool. In general it is preferred that the motors are arranged proximallyof the joints whose motion they drive, so as to improve weightdistribution. As discussed below, controllers for the motors, torquesensors and encoders are distributed with the arm. The controllers areconnected via a communication bus to control unit 10.

A control unit 10 comprises a processor 11 and a memory 12. Memory 12stores in a non-transient way software that is executable by theprocessor to control the operation of the motors 6 to cause the arm 1 tooperate in the manner described herein. In particular, the software cancontrol the processor 11 to cause the motors (for example viadistributed controllers) to drive in dependence on inputs from thesensors 7 and from a surgeon command interface 13. The control unit 10is coupled to the motors 6 for driving them in accordance with outputsgenerated by execution of the software. The control unit 10 is coupledto the sensors 7 for receiving sensed input from the sensors, and to thecommand interface 13 for receiving input from it. The respectivecouplings may, for example, each be electrical or optical cables, or maybe provided by a wireless connection. The command interface 13 comprisesone or more input devices whereby a user can request motion of the armin a desired way. The input devices could, for example, be manuallyoperable mechanical input devices such as control handles or joysticks,or contactless input devices such as optical gesture sensors. Thesoftware stored in memory 12 is configured to respond to those inputsand cause the joints of the arm to move accordingly, in compliance witha pre-determined control strategy. The control strategy may includesafety features which moderate the motion of the arm in response tocommand inputs. Thus, in summary, a surgeon at the command interface 13can control the robot arm 1 to move in such a way as to perform adesired surgical procedure. The control unit 10 and/or the commandinterface 13 may be remote from the arm 1.

FIG. 2 shows the wrist 5 of the robot in more detail. The wristcomprises four revolute joints 300, 301, 302, 303. The joints arearranged in series, with a rigid part of the arm extending from eachjoint to the next. The most proximal joint 300 of the wrist joins armpart 4 b to arm part 310. Joint 300 has a “roll” rotation axis 304,which is directed generally along the extent of the limb 4 b of the armthat is immediately proximal of the articulations of the wrist. The nextmost distal joint 301 of the wrist joins arm part 310 to arm part 311.Joint 301 has a “pitch” rotation axis 305 which is perpendicular to axis304 in all configurations of joints 300 and 301. The next most distaljoint 302 of the wrist joins arm part 310 to arm part 311. Joint 302 hasa “yaw” rotation axis 306 which is perpendicular to axis 305 in allconfigurations of joints 301 and 302. In some configurations of thewrist, axis 306 is also perpendicular to axis 304. The next most distaljoint of the wrist 303 joins arm part 311 to arm part 4 c. Joint 303 hasa “roll” rotation axis 307 which is perpendicular to axis 306 in allconfigurations of joints 302 and 303. In some configurations of thewrist, axis 307 is also perpendicular to axis 305 and parallel with (andpreferably collinear with) axis 304. It is preferable for axes 305 and306 to intersect each other, since this gives a particularly compactconfiguration. Joints 300 and 303 may be positioned so that axes 304 and307 can pass through the intersection of axes 305, 306 for someconfigurations of the wrist.

This design of wrist is advantageous in that it allows a wide range ofmovement from a tool attached to the attachment point 8 at the distalend of arm part 4 c, but with the wrist being capable of being assembledin a relatively compact form and without there being singularities atcertain parts of the range of motion that could demand excessively highrates of motion at individual joints.

FIGS. 3 and 4 show one example of a mechanism suitable for implementingpart of the wrist 5 of the arm 1 of FIG. 1. FIGS. 3 and 4 concentrate(as to FIGS. 5 to 10) on the mechanism associated with the jointsdesignated 301 and 302 in FIG. 2.

In the region of the wrist 5 the rigid arm parts 310, 311 have hollowouter shells or casings 310′, 310″, 311′. The shells define the majorityof the exterior surface of the arm, and include a void which is partlyor fully encircled by the exterior wall of the respective shell andwithin which the motors, sensors, cables and other components of the armcan be housed. The shells could be formed of a metal, for example analuminium alloy or steel, or from a composite, for example afibre-reinforced resin composite such as carbon fibre reinforced resin.The shells constitute part of the rigid structure of the arm parts thatattaches between the respective joints. The shells may contain astructural framework as shown later in relation to the embodiment ofFIG. 7.

In FIGS. 3 and 4, for clarity the shell of arm part 310 is shown in twoparts: 310′ and 310″, both of which are drawn in outline and explodedfrom each other. The shells of arm parts 4 b and 4 c are omitted, as isthe mechanism associated with joints 300 and 303. The shell of arm part311 is shown in part, the majority extending from spur 311′.

The shell of arm part 310 (constituted by shell parts 310′ and 310″) andthe shell of arm part 311 (which extends from spur 311′) are movablewith respect to each other about two rotation axes, shown at 20 and 21.These correspond to axes 305, 306 of FIG. 2. Axes 20 and 21 areorthogonal. Axes 20 and 21 intersect. A central coupler 28 is mounted toarm part 310 by bearings 29, 30. The coupler extends between thebearings 29, 30. The bearings 29, 30 hold the coupler fast with arm part310 except that they permit relative rotation of the coupler and thatarm part about axis 20, thus defining a revolute joint corresponding tojoint 301 of FIG. 2. A further bearing 31 attaches the distal shellconnector spur 311′ to the coupler 28. Bearing 31 holds the distal shellconnector spur 311′ fast with the coupler 28 except for permittingrelative motion of the spur and the coupler about axis 21, thus defininga revolute joint corresponding to joint 302 of FIG. 2.

Thus coupler 28 is fast with the arm part 310 about axis 21. Coupler 28is also fast with the arm part 311 about axis 20. That is, the mechanismis arranged so that coupler 28 and arm part 310 cannot undergo relativerotation or motion about axis 21; and coupler 28 and arm part 311 cannotundergo relative rotation or motion about axis 20.

Two electric motors 24, 25 (see FIG. 4) are mounted in arm part 310. Themotors drive respective drive shafts 26, 27 which extend into the midstof the wrist mechanism. Shaft 26 drives rotation about axis 20. Shaft 27drives rotation about axis 21. Drive shaft 26 terminates at its distalend in a worm gear 32. The worm gear 32 engages a bevel gear 33 which isfast with the coupler 28. Drive shaft 27 terminates at its distal end ina worm gear 34. The worm gear 34 engages a gear train shown generally at35 which terminates in a further worm gear 36. Worm-form pinion gear 36engages a hypoid-toothed bevel gear 37 which is fast with the distalshell connector 311′.

In this example, the gear 33 is directly attached to the coupler 28.That is, the coupler 28 abuts the gear 33. Gear 33 is therefore mountedto the coupler 28. The distal shell connector spur 311′ is also directlyattached to the gear 37. Thus the gear 37 may abut the connector spur311′.

Shafts 26 and 27 are parallel. They both extend along the arm part 310.In particular, shafts 26 and 27 extend in a direction substantiallyparallel to the longitudinal direction of the arm part 310. The shaftscould be parallel to the longitudinal direction of the arm part 310, orthey could be mounted at an angle to the general longitudinal directionof the arm part 310. For example, the arm part 310 may taper in thedirection from the proximal end towards the distal end, and the shafts26 and 27 may extend in a direction that is parallel to the taper angleof the arm part.

Worms 32 and 34 are attached to the drive shafts 26 and 27 respectivelyand so may be referred to as shaft gears. Rotation of gear 33 drivesrotation of arm part 311 relative to arm part 310 about axis 20, andthus gear 33 may be referred to as a drive gear. Similarly, rotation ofgear 37 drives rotation of arm part 311 relative to arm part 310 aboutaxis 21, and thus gear 37 may also be referred to as a drive gear.

Gear 33 is formed as a sector gear: that is its operative arc (definedin the example of FIGS. 3 and 4 by the arc of its teeth) is less than360°.

The gear train 35 is borne by the coupler 28. The gear train comprisesan input gear 38 which engages the worm 34. Input gear 38 is locatedwith its rotation axis relative to the coupler 28 being coincident withaxis 20. That means that the input gear can continue to engage the worm34 irrespective of the configuration of the coupler 28 relative to armpart 310 about axis 20. A series of further gears whose axes areparallel with axis 20 transfer drive from the input gear 38 to an outputgear 39 on a shaft 40 whose rotation axis relative to the carrier 28 isparallel with but offset from axis 20. Shaft 40 terminates in the worm36. Shaft 40 extends parallel to axis 20. The gears of gear train 35,together with shaft 40, are borne by the coupler 28.

The operation of the wrist mechanism will now be described. For motionabout axis 20, motor 24 is operated to drive shaft 26 to rotate relativeto arm part 310. This drives the bevel gear 33 and hence coupler 28 anddistal shell spur 311′ to rotate about axis 20 relative to arm part 310.For motion about axis 21, motor 25 is operated to drive shaft 27 torotate relative to arm part 310. This drives the bevel gear 37 and hencedistal shell connector 311′ to rotate about axis 21 relative to arm part310. It will be observed that if drive shaft 26 is rotated, driving thecoupler 28 to rotate, whilst drive shaft 27 remains stationary then gear38 will also rotate relative to the coupler 28, causing parasitic motionof the distal shell connector spur 311′ about axis 21. To prevent this,the control system 10 of the arm is configured so that when requiredthere is compensatory motion of drive shaft 27 in tandem with motion ofdrive shaft 26 so as to isolate motion about axis 21 from motion aboutaxis 20. For example, if it is required to cause relative motion ofshells 310, 311 about only axis 20 then motor 24 is operated to causethat motion whilst motor 25 is simultaneously operated in such a way asto prevent input gear 38 from rotating relative to carrier 28.

Various aspects of the mechanism shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 are advantageousin helping to make the mechanism particularly compact.

1. It is convenient for bevel gear 33 to be of part-circular form: i.e.its teeth do not encompass a full circle. For example, gear 33 mayencompass less than 270° or less than 180° or less than 90°. This allowsat least part of the other bevel gear 37 to be located in such a waythat it intersects a circle coincident with gear 33, about the axis ofgear 33 and having the same radius as the outermost part of gear 33.Whilst this feature can be of assistance in reducing the size of a rangeof compound joints, it is of particular significance in a wrist of thetype shown in FIG. 2, comprising a pair of roll joints with a pair ofpitch/yaw joints between them, since in a joint of that type there is adegree of redundancy among the pitch/yaw joints and hence a wide rangeof positions of the distal end of the arm can be reached even if motionabout axis 20 is restricted.

2. It is convenient if the part gear 33 serves rotation about the axis20 by which the carrier 28 is pivoted to the next-most-proximal arm part310, as opposed to rotation about axis 21, since the part gear can alsobe cut away to accommodate shaft 40 intersecting the said circle. Thatsaves space by permitting the worm 36 to be located on the opposite sideof bevel gear 33 to the gear train 35. However, in other designs thepart gear could serve rotation about axis 21, so gear 37 could be ofpart-circular form.

3. It is convenient if the worms 32, 34 are located on the opposite sideof axis 20 to bevel gear 37: i.e. that there is a plane containing axis20 on one side of which are the worms 32, 34 and on the other side ofwhich is the bevel gear 37. This helps to provide a compact packagingarrangement. Thus, both worms 32 and 34 are located on a single side ofa plane containing axis 20 that is parallel to the longitudinaldirection of the arm part 310.

4. It is convenient if the worm 34 is located on the opposite side ofbevel gear 33 from worm 36 and/or that the gear train 35 is locatedexclusively on the opposite side of bevel gear 33 from worm 36. Thisagain helps to provide a compact packaging arrangement. That is, thegear train 35 (including all its interlinked gears such as gears 38 and39) may be located on one side of the gear 33. Put another way, geartrain 35 (including its interlinked gears) and the gear 33 are locatedon opposite sides of a plane parallel to both axis 21 and thelongitudinal direction of arm part 310. That plane may contain the axis21.

5. The gears 33 and/or 37 are conveniently provided as bevel gears sincethat permits them to be driven from worms located within the plan oftheir respective external radii. However, they could be externallytoothed gears engaged on their outer surfaces by the worms 32, 34 or byradially toothed gears.

6. The bevel gear 33 is conveniently located so as to be interposedbetween worms 32 and 34. This helps the packaging of the motors 24, 25.

7. The bevel gears and the worm gears that mate with them canconveniently be of hypoid or skew axis, e.g. Spiroid®, form. These gearsallow for relatively high torque capacity in a relatively compact form.

FIGS. 5 and 6 show a second form of wrist mechanism suitable forproviding joints 301, 302 in a wrist of the type shown in FIG. 2.

As shown in FIG. 5 the wrist comprises a pair of rigid external shells310′, 311′ which define the exterior surfaces of arm parts 310, 311respectively of FIG. 2. 310′ is the more proximal of the shells. The armparts formed of the shells 310′, 311′ can pivot relative to each otherabout axes 62, 63, which correspond respectively to axes 305, 306 ofFIG. 2. Axes 62, 63 are orthogonal. Axes 62, 63 intersect. The shells310′, 311′ define the exterior of the arm in the region of the wrist andare hollow, to accommodate a rotation mechanism and space for passingcables etc., as will be described in more detail below. The shells couldbe formed of a metal, for example an aluminium alloy or steel, or from acomposite, for example a fibre-reinforced resin composite such as carbonfibre. The shells constitute the principal rigid structure of the armparts that attaches between the respective joints.

FIG. 6 shows the same mechanism from distally and one side, with theshell 311′ removed for clarity.

Shell 310′ is coupled to shell 311′ by a cruciform coupler 64. Thecoupler has a central tube 65 which defines a duct through its centre,running generally along the length of the arm. Extending from the tubeare first arms 66, 67 and second arms 68, 69. Each of the shells 310′,311′ is attached to the coupler 64 by a revolute joint: i.e. in such away that it is confined to be able to move relative to the coupler onlyby rotation about a single axis. The first arms 66, 67 attach to shell310′ by bearings 70, 71 which permit rotation between those first armsand the shell 310′ about axis 62. The second arms 68, 69 attach to shell311′ by bearings 72, 73 which permit rotation between those second armsand the shell 311′ about axis 63. A first bevel gear 74 is concentricwith the first arms 66, 67. The first bevel gear is fast with thecoupler 64 and rotationally free with respect to the proximal one of thetwo shells 310′. A second bevel gear 75 is concentric with the secondarms 68, 69. The second bevel gear is fast with the distal one of thetwo shells 311′ and rotationally free with respect to the coupler 64.

The pair of arms 66, 67 of the coupler are perpendicular to the pair ofarms 68, 69. Arms 66 and 67 lie on the rotation axis 62; and arms 68 and69 lie on the rotation axis 63. The coupler 64 is directly attached tothe gear 74. Thus the coupler 64 abuts gear 74. Coupler 64 (and hencegear 74) can rotate relative to the arm part 310 about axis 62. However,the coupler 64 and gear 74 are fast with the arm part 310 about the axis63 such that there can be no relative motion or rotation between thecoupler 64 and arm part 310 about axis 63.

The bevel gear 75 may be mounted directly to the arm part 311. The bevelgear 75 can rotate with respect to the coupler 64 (and hence arm part310) about axis 63. However, the gear 75 is fast with the coupler 64about axis 62. That is, there can be no relative rotation or motionbetween coupler 64 and gear 75 about axis 62.

Two shafts 76, 77 operate the motion of the compound joint. The shaftsextend into the central region of the joint from within the proximal oneof the shells 310′. Each shaft is attached at its proximal end to theshaft of a respective electric motor (not shown), the housings of themotors being fixed to the interior of the proximal shell 310′. In thisway the shafts 76, 77 can be driven by the motors to rotate with respectto the proximal shell 310′.

Shaft 76 and its associated motor operate motion about axis 62. Shaft 76terminates at its distal end in a worm gear 78 which engages bevel gear74. Rotation of shaft 76 causes rotation of the bevel gear 74 relativeto shell 310′ about axis 62. Bevel gear 74 is fast with the coupler 64,which in turn carries the distal shell 311′. Thus rotation of shaft 76causes relative rotation of the shells 310′, 311′ about axis 62.

Shaft 77 and its associated motor operate motion about axis 63. In orderto do that it has ultimately to drive bevel gear 75 by means of a wormgear 79 carried by the coupler 64. Rotation of that worm gear can causerelative rotation of the coupler and the distal shell 311′. To achievethis, drive is transmitted from the shaft 77 through a pair of gears 80,81 borne by the carrier 64 to a shaft bearing the worm gear 79. Shaft 77approaches the carrier 64 from the proximal side. The gears 80, 81 arelocated on the distal side of the coupler. Gears 80, 81 and 79 are thusfast with the coupler 64 about axes 62 and 63. The shaft 77 passesthrough the duct defined by tube 65 in the centre of the coupler. Toaccommodate motion of the coupler 64 relative to the first shell 310′the shaft 77 has a universal or Hooke's joint 82 along its length. Theuniversal joint 82 lies on axis 62. Instead of a Hooke's joint the shaftcould have another form of flexible coupling, for example an elasticcoupling (which could be integral with the shaft) or a form of constantvelocity joint.

Worm 78 is attached to drive shaft 76 and so may be referred to as ashaft gear. Rotation of gear 74 drives rotation of the arm part 311relative to the arm part 310 about axis 62, and thus gear 74 may bereferred to as a drive gear. Similarly, rotation of gear 75 drivesrotation of arm part 311 relative to arm part 310 about axis 63, and sogear 75 may also be referred to as a drive gear.

Shaft 77 traverses a plane that contains rotation axis 63. The planeadditionally contains rotation axis 62. Thus the shaft 77 comprises aproximal portion that is proximal of that plane, and a distal portionthat is distal of that plane. The proximal portion of the shaft 77 isattached or otherwise coupled to the motor. The distal portion of theshaft attaches to the gear 80. Gear 80 is therefore located on thedistal side of that plane. Gear 80 may also be referred to as a shaftgear. The proximal and distal portions of the shaft 77 may be separatedby the Hooke's joint 82. The Hooke's joint permits the proximal anddistal portions of the shaft 77 to rotate with each other such thatrotation of the proximal portion is coupled to the distal portion. Sincethe distal portion of shaft 77 is attached to gear 80, it follows thatgear 80 is rotationally fast with shaft 77.

Gear 80 engages, or meshes with, gear 81. In this example gears 80 and81 are spur gears. Gears 80 and 81 have parallel but offset rotationaxes. The rotation axis of gear 80 is collinear with the rotation axisof the distal portion of shaft 77. Worm 79 is arranged to rotate inresponse to a rotation of gear 81. Worm 79 may be rotationally fast withgear 81 such that a rotation of gear 81 causes a corresponding rotationof worm 79. Worm 79 may have a rotation axis that is collinear with therotation axis of gear 81. Thus gears 80 and 81 operate to couplerotation of shaft 77 to rotation of gear 79 about a rotation axisparallel to the rotation axis of the distal portion of shaft 77.

The rotation axis of worm 79 is not parallel and does not intersect therotation axis of gear 75 (axis 63). Gear 75 is therefore a skew-axisgear. Similarly, the rotation axes of worm 78 and gear 74 arenon-parallel and non-intersecting. Thus gear 74 is also a skew-axisgear.

It is observed that rotation of the shaft 76, which causes the coupler64 to rotate about axis 62, may cause gears 80 and 81 (and thus wormgear 79) to rotate when the shaft 77 is held stationary, causingparasitic motion of the distal shell 311′ relative to the shell 310′about the rotation axis 63. This is because the rotation of the coupler64 about axis 62 driven by the rotation of the shaft 77 needs to beaccommodated by the Hooke's joint 82, and that rotation of the coupler64 may cause a parasitic rotation of the Hooke's joint about thelongitudinal axis of the shaft 77. Any such parasitic rotation of theHooke's joint may cause a consequent rotation of gears 80 and 81, andthus rotation of the bevel gear 75. Such parasitic motion may beprevalent if the hinge axes of the Hooke's joint are not perpendicularto each other, and/or if one of the hinge axes is not parallel andcoincident with the rotation axis 62.

To prevent this parasitic motion, the control system 10 may beconfigured to drive compensatory motion of the shaft 77 in tandem withmotion of the shaft 76 so as to isolate motion about axis 62 from motionabout axis 63. Thus the control system 10 may be arranged to operate themotor to drive rotation of shaft 76 to cause rotation of arm part 311′relative to arm part 310′ about axis 63 whilst simultaneously operatingthe motor to drive shaft 77 to rotate in such a way as to preventparasitic rotation about axis 63. The control system 10 may beconfigured to operate in this manner when the robot arm is commanded toarticulate about axis 62 without articulating about axis 63.

The control system 10 may also be configured to drive rotation of shafts76 and/or 77 in such a way as to reduce irregularities (i.e. increasesmoothness) in the rotation of the Hooke's joint 82. The Hooke's jointmay experience irregularities in its rotation when it is off axis, i.e.when arm part 311′ is pitched relative to arm part 310′ about axis 62.Thus when the arm part 311′ is commanded to articulate relative to armpart 310′ about axis 63 when arm part 311′ is pitched relative to armpart 310′ about axis 62, the control system may operate to drive therotation of shaft 77 in such a way as to maintain a smooth or consistentrotation speed of the Hooke's joint 82. This may help to provide asmooth and/or consistent rotation about axis 63.

This mechanism has been found to be capable of providing a particularlycompact, light and rigid drive arrangement for rotation about axes 62and 63 without the components of the mechanism unduly restricting motionof the shells. It permits both motors to be housed in the proximal shellwhich reduces distal weight.

Various aspects of the mechanism shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 are advantageousin helping to make the mechanism particularly compact.

1. It is convenient for bevel gear 74 to be of part-circular form: i.e.its teeth do not encompass a full circle. For example, gear 74 mayencompass less than 270° or less than 180° or less than 90°. This allowsat least part of the other bevel gear 75 to be located in such a waythat it intersects a circle coincident with gear 74, about the axis ofgear 74 and having the same radius as the outermost part of gear 74.Whilst this feature can be of assistance in reducing the size of a rangeof compound joints, it is of particular significance in a wrist of thetype shown in FIG. 2, comprising a pair of roll joints with a pair ofpitch/yaw joints between them, since in a joint of that type there is adegree of redundancy among the pitch/yaw joints and hence a wide rangeof positions of the distal end of the arm can be reached even if motionabout axis 62 is restricted. As shown in FIG. 6, the bevel gear 74 is ofreduced radius in the region not encompassed by its teeth. Part-circularbevel gears of the other embodiments may be formed in the same manner.

2. The gears 74 and/or 75 are conveniently provided as bevel gears sincethat permits them to be driven from worms located within the plan oftheir respective external radii. However, they could be externallytoothed gears engaged on their outer surfaces by the worms 76, 79, or byradially toothed gears.

4. The bevel gears and the worm gears that mate with them canconveniently be of skew axis, e.g. Spiroid®, form. These allow forrelatively high torque capacity in a relatively compact form.

FIGS. 7 to 10 illustrate another form of wrist mechanism. In thesefigures the shells of arm parts 310, 311 are omitted, exposing thestructure within the arm parts. Proximal arm part 310 has a structuralframework 100, which is shown in outline in some of the figures. Distalarm part 311 has a structural framework 101. Arm parts 310 and 311 arerotatable relative to each other about axes 102, 103, which correspondto axes 305, 306 respectively of FIG. 2. A carrier 104 couples the armparts 310, 311 together. Carrier 104 is attached by bearings 105, 190 toarm part 310. Those bearings define a revolute joint about axis 102between arm part 310 and the carrier 104. Carrier 104 is attached bybearing 106 to arm part 311. Those bearings define a revolute jointabout axis 103 between arm part 311 and the carrier 104. A first bevelgear 107 about axis 102 is fast with the carrier 104. A second bevelgear 108 about axis 103 is fast with arm part 311.

The carrier 104 can therefore rotate relative to the arm part 310 aboutaxis 102. However, the carrier 104 is otherwise fast with the arm part310 and in particular is fast about axis 103. Thus the carrier 104 isnot permitted to undergo relative rotation with respect to arm part 310about axis 103. The second bevel gear 108 can rotate relative to thecarrier 104 about axis 103. The second bevel gear 108 (and hence the armpart 311) may be fast with the carrier about axis 102. Thus the secondbevel gear 108 is permitted to undergo relative rotation with respect tothe carrier 104 about axis 103 but is not permitted to undergo relativerotation with respect to the carrier about axis 102.

Axes 102 and 103 are in this example perpendicular, but in general aretwo non-parallel axes. They may be substantially orthogonal to eachother. The axes are substantially transverse to the longitudinaldirection of the arm part 310 in at least one configuration of thejoints 301 and 302. In the arrangement shown, one such configuration iswhen arm part 311 is not articulated with respect to arm part 310. Inthe context of a Cartesian coordinate system. Axis 102 may be consideredas a “pitch” rotation axis and axis 103 as a “yaw” rotation axis.

As with the other mechanisms described herein, the carrier 104 islocated inboard of the limbs 310, 311.

Two motors 109, 110 are fixed to the framework 100 of arm part 310.Motor 109 drives a shaft 111. Shaft 111 is rigid and terminates in aworm 118 which engages bevel gear 107. When motor 109 is operated, shaft111 rotates relative to the proximal arm part 310, driving bevel gear107 and hence coupler 104 and arm part 311 to rotate relative to armpart 310 about axis 102. Motor 110 drives a shaft 112. Shaft 112 has aworm 113 near its distal end which engages bevel gear 108. Toaccommodate motion of bevel gear 108 relative to motor 110 when thecoupler 104 moves about axis 102 shaft 112 includes a pair of universaljoints 114, 115 and a splined coupler 116 which accommodates axialextension and retraction of shaft 112. The final part of shaft 112 ismounted to the coupler 104 by bearing 117. The splined coupler 116 is anexample of a prismatic joint.

The distal part of the shaft 112 that is mounted to the carrier 104 bybearing 117 is fast with the worm 113 (shown most clearly in FIG. 10).The bearing 117 defines a revolute joint located on the opposite side ofthe universal joint 115 to the coupler 116. This revolute joint permitsthe distal part of the shaft 112 to rotate relative to the carrier 104.The distal part of the shaft 112 extends in a direction perpendicular tothe axis 102 in all rotational positions of the carrier, and isrotatable with respect to the carrier 104 about an axis perpendicular toaxis 102. It can be seen with reference to FIG. 7 that the shaft 112traverses a plane containing axis 102 that is transverse to thelongitudinal direction of the arm part 310. In this example the distalpart of the shaft 112 is directly attached to the worm 113 and soextends between the worm and the carrier 104. The distal part of theshaft 112 is mounted to the carrier 104 so as to securely engage theworm 113 with the bevel gear 108 when the carrier 104 is articulatedabout the axis 102.

The universal joints 114 and 115 of shaft 112 are located on opposingsides of the coupler 116. Both universal joints are located proximallyof the rotation axes 102 and 103. The universal joints 114, 115 and thecoupler 116 are arranged to permit the carrier 104 to rotate relative toarm part 310 about axis 102.

Bevel gear 107 is disposed about axis 102. That is, gear 107 has as itsrotation axis the axis 102. The rotation of gear 107 about axis 102drives rotation of the arm part 311 relative to the arm part 310. Gear107 may therefore be referred to as a drive gear.

Bevel gear 108 is disposed about axis 103. Thus bevel gear 108 has asits rotation axis the axis 103. The rotation of gear 108 about axis 103drives rotation of the arm part 311 relative to the arm part 310 aboutaxis 310. Gear 108 may therefore also be referred to as a drive gear.

Shaft 111 extends along the longitudinal direction of the arm part 310.The longitudinal axis of shaft 111 may be perpendicular to axis 102 inall rotational positions of the carrier 104 about axes 102 and 103. Theshaft 111 (and the affixed worm 118) rotate about the longitudinal axisof the shaft 111. This rotation axis is non-parallel andnon-intersecting with the rotational axis 102 of the gear 107. Gear 107is therefore a skew axis gear.

Both worms 113 and 118 may be located on a single side of a planecontaining axis 103 that is transverse to the longitudinal direction ofthe arm part 311 when that arm part is aligned with arm part 310 aboutaxis 103, in other words when arm part 311 is not in yaw relative to armpart 310. In particular, both worms may be located on the proximal sideof that plane. However, the worms 113 and 118 may be located on opposingsides of a plane containing axis 102 that is parallel to thelongitudinal direction of the arm part 311.

Due to the operation of the universal joints 114 and 115 and the coupler116, the worm gears 113 and 118 undergo rotation with respect to eachother about axis 102 when the carrier 104 is articulated about axis 102.When arm part 310 is aligned with arm part 311 about axis 102 (i.e.,when arm part 311 is not in pitch relative to arm part 310), then wormgear 113 and the distal part of shaft 112 are parallel to worm gear 118and shaft 111. In all other configurations of the arm parts about axis102, worm gear 113 and the distal part of shaft 112 are non-parallel toworm gear 118 and shaft 111.

Worms 113 and 118 are each attached to respective drive shafts 112 and111 and so may be referred to as shaft gears.

Operation of the joint mechanism will now be described.

To drive articulations about axis 102, motor 109 is operated to rotatethe drive shaft 111 about its longitudinal axis. Because the shaft gear118 is attached to the shaft 111, rotation of shaft 111 causes gear 118to also rotate about the longitudinal axis of the shaft 111. Shaft gear118 engages the drive gear 107, causing it to rotate about axis 102relative to the arm part 310. Carrier 104 is fast with the drive gear107, and thus rotation of drive gear 107 causes carrier 104 to rotateabout axis 102 relative to arm part 310. The rotation of carrier 104about axis 102 drives the articulation of arm part 311 relative to armpart 310 about axis 102. Rotation of the carrier 104 about axis 102causes articulations of universal joints 114 and 115 and the prismaticjoint 116 to accommodate the rotation of shaft gear 113 relative toshaft gear 118 about axis 102.

To drive articulations about axis 103, motor 110 is operated to rotatethe drive shaft 112. Rotation of the proximal end of drive shaft 112 iscoupled to the rotation of the shaft gear 113 via the universal joints114 and 115 (and the coupler 116). Shaft gear 113 engages the bevel gear108. Thus rotation of shaft gear 113 drives rotation of gear 108 aboutaxis 103 relative to the carrier 104. Bevel gear 108 is fast with thearm part 311, and thus rotation of gear 108 causes arm part 311 to bearticulated with respect to arm part 310 about axis 103.

Rotation of drive shaft 111 whilst shaft 112 is kept stationary maycause parasitic motion of arm part 311 about axis 103. This is becausethe rotation of the carrier 104 about axis 102 may cause a rotation ofthe universal joints 114 and 115 which drives rotation of worm 113 andthus bevel 108. To prevent this parasitic motion, control system 10 maybe arranged to operate the motor 109 to drive rotation of shaft 111 tocause the rotation of arm part 311 relative to arm part 310 about axis102 whilst simultaneously operating the motor 110 to drive rotation ofshaft 112 in such a way as to prevent parasitic rotation about axis 103.The control system 10 may be configured to operate in this manner whenthe robot arm is commanded to articulate about axis 102 withoutarticulating about axis 103.

Control system 10 may also be configured to drive rotation of shaft 112in such a way as to reduce irregularities in the rotation of universaljoints 114 and 115. The Hooke's joints may experience irregular orinconsistent rotation when they are off-axis., i.e. when arm part 311 isin pitch relative to arm part 310. Thus when the arm part 311 iscommanded to articulate relative to arm part 310 about axis 103 when armpart 311 is in pitch relative to arm part 310, the control system 10 mayoperate to drive the rotation of shaft 112 in such a way as to maintaina smooth or consistent rotation speed of the Hooke's joints 114 and 115.This may help to provide a smooth and/or consistent rotation about axis103.

Various aspects of the mechanism shown in FIGS. 7 to 10 are advantageousin helping to make the mechanism particularly compact. For example:

It is convenient for bevel gear 107 to be of part-circular form: i.e.its teeth do not encompass a full circle. For example, gear 107 mayencompass less than 270° or less than 180° or less than 90°. This allowsat least part of the other bevel gear 108 to be located in such a waythat it intersects a circle coincident with gear 107, about the axis ofgear 107 and having the same radius as the outermost part of gear 107.Whilst this feature can be of assistance in reducing the size of a rangeof compound joints, it is of particular significance in a wrist of thetype shown in FIG. 2, comprising a pair of roll joints with a pair ofpitch/yaw joints between them, since in a joint of that type there is adegree of redundancy among the pitch/yaw joints and hence a wide rangeof positions of the distal end of the arm can be reached even if motionabout axis 102 is restricted.

It is convenient if the worms 118 and 113 are located on opposite sidesof the bevel gear 107. In other words, bevel gear 107 may be interposedbetween the worms 113 and 118. This may help to provide a compactpackaging arrangement. The gears 107 and/or 108 are convenientlyprovided as bevel gears since that permits them to be driven from wormslocated within the plan of their respective external radii. However,they could be externally toothed gears engaged on their outer surfacesby the worms attached to shafts 111, 112, or by externally toothedgears.

The bevel gears and the worm gears that mate with them can convenientlybe of skew axis, e.g. Spiroid®, form. These allow for relatively hightorque capacity in a relatively compact form.

Various changes can be made to the mechanisms described above. Forexample, and without limitation:

-   -   The axes corresponding to axes 305, 306 need not intersect and        need not be orthogonal. In general, the axes corresponding to        axes 305 and 306 are two non-parallel rotation axes. They may be        substantially perpendicular to each other in all configurations        of the joints 301 and 302. Each axis may be substantially        transverse to the longitudinal direction of the arm part 310 in        at least one configuration of the joints 301 and 302. One such        configuration is when arm part 311 is neither in pitch or yaw        relative to arm part 310.    -   The axes corresponding to axes 305 and 306 are non-parallel but        need not be orthogonal to each other. Axis 305 is non-parallel        to axis 304 but need not be orthogonal to it. Axis 306 is        non-parallel to axis 307 but need not be orthogonal to it.    -   The axes corresponding to axes 304 and 307 need not be parallel        and collinear; they could be parallel but no collinear. For        example, arm part 3 b could be cranked relative to arm part 3 c.    -   The bevel gears or their outer toothed gear equivalents need not        be driven by worms. They could be driven by other gears. They        could for example be driven by pinions.    -   Thus the drive gears may be bevel gears or other types of ring        gear, such as externally toothed gears, i.e. gears with teeth        extending in the radial direction. The shaft gears could be        worms or other types of gears such as pinions, e.g. bevel gears.    -   Either or both bevel gears could be part gears. More generally,        either or both drive gears could be part gears.    -   In the examples given above, the mechanisms form part of a wrist        for a robot arm. The mechanisms could be used for other        applications, for example for other parts of robot arms, for        robot tools, and for non-robotic applications such as control        heads for cameras.

As discussed above with reference to FIG. 1, each joint is provided witha torque sensor which senses the torque applied about the axis of thatjoint. Data from the torque sensors is provided to the control unit 10for use in controlling the operation of the arm.

FIGS. 9 and 10 shows one of the torque sensors and its mountingarrangement in cross-section. Torque sensor 150 measures the torqueapplied about axis 103: that is from carrier 104 to distal arm frame101. As described above, bevel gear 108 is fast with frame 101 androtatable about axis 103 with respect to the carrier 104. Bevel gear 108comprises a radially extending gear portion 151, from which its gearteeth 152 extend in an axial direction, and an axially extending neck153. The neck, the radially extending gear portion and the teeth areintegral with each other. The interior and exterior walls of the neck153 are of circularly cylindrical profile. A pair of roller or ballbearing races 106, 154 fit snugly around the exterior of the neck. Thebearings sit in cups in the carrier 104 and hold the neck 153 inposition relative to the carrier whilst permitting rotation of the bevelgear 108 relative to the carrier about axis 103.

The torque sensor 150 has a radially extending top flange 155, anaxially elongate torsion tube 156 which extends from the top flange, andan internally threaded base 157 at the end of the torsion tube oppositethe flange. The top flange 155 abuts the gear portion 151 of the bevelgear 108. The top flange is held fast with the gear portion by bolts158. The torsion tube 156 extends inside the neck 153 of the bevel gear108. The exterior wall of the torsion tube is of circularly cylindricalprofile. The exterior of the base 157 is configured with a splinedstructure which makes positive engagement with a corresponding structurein the frame 101 so as to hold the two in fixed relationship about axis103. A bolt 159 extends through the frame 101 and into the base 157 toclamp them together. Thus, it is the torque sensor 150 that attaches thebevel gear 108 to the arm frame 101, and the torque applied about axis103 is applied through the torque sensor. The torsion tube has a hollowinterior and a relatively thin wall to its torsion tube 150. When torqueis applied through the torque sensor there is slight torsionaldistortion of the torsion tube. The deflection of the torsion tube ismeasured by strain gauges 160 fixed to the interior wall of the torsiontube. The strain gauges form an electrical output indicative of thetorsion, which provides a representation of the torque about axis 103.The strain gauges could be of another form: for example opticalinterference strain gauges which provide an optical output.

In order to get the most accurate output from the torque sensor, torquetransfer from the bevel gear 108 to the frame 101 in a way that bypassesthe torsion tube 156 should be avoided. For that reason, it is preferredto reduce friction between the neck 153 of the bevel gear 108 and thebase 157 of the torque sensor. One possibility is to provide a gapbetween the neck of the bevel gear and both the base of the torquesensor and the torsion tube. However, that could permit shear forces tobe applied to the torsion tube in a direction transverse to axis 103,which would itself reduce the accuracy of the torque sensor by exposingthe strain gauges 160 to other than torsional forces. Another option isto introduce a bearing race between the interior of the neck of bevelgear 108 and the exterior of the base 157 of the torque sensor. However,that would substantially increase the volume occupied by the mechanism.Instead, the arrangement shown in FIG. 8 has been shown to give goodresults. A sleeve or bushing 161 is provided around the torsion tube 156and within the neck 153 of the bevel gear 108. The sleeve is sized sothat it makes continuous contact with the interior wall of the neck 153and with the exterior wall of the torsion tube 156, which is also ofcircularly cylindrical profile. The whole of the interior surface of thesleeve makes contact with the exterior of the torsion tube 156. Thewhole of the exterior surface of the sleeve makes contact with theinterior surface of the neck 153. The sleeve is constructed so that itapplies relatively little friction between the neck and the torsiontube: for instance the sleeve may be formed of or coated with alow-friction or self-lubricating material. The sleeve is formed of asubstantially incompressible material so that it can prevent deformationof the torque sensor under shear forces transverse to the axis 103. Forexample, the sleeve may be formed of or coated with a plastics materialsuch as nylon, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene (PE) oracetal (e.g. Delrin®), or of graphite or a metal impregnated withlubricant.

For easy assembly of the mechanism, and to hold the sleeve 161 in place,the interior wall of the neck 153 of the bevel gear 108 is steppedinwards at 162, near its end remote from the radially extending gearportion 151. When the sleeve 161 is located between the neck 153 and thetorsion tube 156, and the head 155 of the torque sensor is bolted to thegear portion 151 the sleeve is held captive both radially (between thetorsion tube and the neck) and axially (between the head 155 of thetorque sensor and the step 162 of the interior surface of the neck 153of the bevel gear). It is preferred that the internal radius of the neck153 in the region 163 beyond the step 162 is such that the internalsurface of the neck in that region is spaced from the torque sensor 150,preventing frictional torque transfer between the two.

Similar arrangements can be used for the torque sensor about the otheraxis 102 of the embodiment of FIGS. 7 to 10, and for the torque sensorsof the embodiments of the other figures.

Hall effect sensors are used to sense the rotational position of thejoints. Each position sensor comprises a ring of material arrangedaround one of the rotation axes. The ring has a series of regularlyspaced alternating north and south magnetic poles. Adjacent to the ringis a sensor chip with a sensor array comprising multiple Hall effectdevices which can detect the magnetic field and measure the position ofthe magnetic poles on the ring relative to the sensor array so as toprovide a multi-bit output indicative of that relative position. Therings of magnetic poles are arranged such that each position of therespective joint within a 360° range is associated with a unique set ofoutputs from the pair of magnetic sensors. This may be achieved byproviding different numbers of poles on each ring and making the numbersof poles the rings co-prime to each other. Hall effect position sensorsemploying this general principle are known for use in robotics and forother applications.

More specifically, associated with each joint is a pair of alternatinglymagnetised rings, and associated sensors. Each ring is arrangedconcentrically about the axis of its respective joint. The rings arefast with an element on one side of the joint and the sensors are fastwith an element on the other side of the joint, with the result thatthere is relative rotational motion of each ring and its respectivesensor when there is rotation of the robot arm about the respectivejoint. Each individual sensor measures where between a pair of poles theassociated ring is positioned relative to the sensor. It cannot bedetermined from the output of an individual sensor which of the polepairs on the ring is above the sensor. Thus the individual sensors canonly be used in a relative fashion and would require calibration atpower up to know the absolute position of the joint. However by using apair of rings designed so that the numbers of pole pairs in each ringhas no common factors it is possible to combine the inter-pole pairmeasurement from both sensors and work out the absolute position of thejoint without calibration.

The magnetic rings and sensors are shown in FIGS. 7 to 10. For the jointthat provides rotation about axis 102 position is sensed by means ofmagnetic rings 200 and 201 and sensors 202 and 203. For the joint thatprovides rotation about axis 103 position is sensed by means of magneticrings 210, 211, sensor 212 and a further sensor that is not shown.Magnetic ring 200 is fast with carrier 104 and mounted on one side ofthe carrier. Magnetic ring 201 is fast with carrier 104 and mounted onthe other side of the carrier to magnetic ring 200. The magnetic rings200, 201 are planar, and arranged perpendicular to and centred on axis102. Sensors 202 and 203 are fast with the frame 100 of the arm part310. Sensor 202 is mounted so as to be adjacent to a side of ring 200.Sensor 203 is mounted so as to be adjacent to a side of ring 201. Cables204, 205 carry the signals from the sensors 202, 203. Magnetic ring 210is fast with carrier 104 and mounted on one side of a flange 220 of thecarrier. Magnetic ring 211 is fast with carrier 104 and mounted on theother side of the flange 220 to magnetic ring 200. The magnetic rings210, 211 are planar, and arranged perpendicular to and centred on axis103. Sensor 212 and the other sensor for rotation about axis 103 arefast with the frame 101 of the arm part 311. Sensor 212 is mounted so asto be adjacent to a side of ring 210. The other sensor is mounted so asto be adjacent to a side of ring 211.

Thus, in the arrangement of FIGS. 7 to 10, rotation about each of theaxes 102, 103 is sensed by means of two multipole magnetic rings, eachwith a respective associated sensor. Each sensor generates a multi-bitsignal representing the relative position of the nearest poles on therespective ring to the sensor. By arranging for the numbers of poles onthe two rings to be co-prime the outputs of the sensors are incombination indicative of the configuration of the joint within a 360°range. This permits the rotation position of the joint to be detectedwithin that range. Furthermore, in the arrangement of FIGS. 7 to 10 thetwo rings associated with each joint (i.e. rings 200, 201 on the onehand and rings 210, 211 on the other hand) are located so as to besubstantially offset from each other along the axis of the respectivejoint. Ring 200 is located near the bearing 190 on one side of the bodyof carrier 104 whereas ring 201 is located near bearing 105 on theopposite side of the carrier 104. Ring 210 is located on one side of theflange 220 whereas ring 211 is located on the other side of the flange220. Each ring is made of a sheet of material which is flat in a planeperpendicular to the axis about which the ring is disposed. The magneticrings of each pair (i.e. rings 200, 201 on the one hand and rings 210,211 on the other hand) are spaced from each other in the direction alongtheir respective axes by a distance greater than 5 and more preferablygreater than 10 or greater than 20 times the thickness of the rings ofthe pair. Conveniently, the rings of a pair can be on opposite sides ofthe respective joint, as with rings 200, 201. Conveniently the carrier104 to which the both rings of a pair are attached extends radiallyoutwardly so as to lie at a radial location that is between the ringswhen viewed in a plane containing the respective rotation axis. Thus,for example, flange 220 lies radially between rings 210 and 211.Conveniently the respective joint can be supported or defined by twobearings, one on either side of the joint along the respective axis, andat extreme locations on the joint, and the or each ring for that jointcan overlap a respective one of the bearings in a plane perpendicular tothe axis. Conveniently the sensors for the rings can be mounted on anarm part that is articulated by the joint. The sensors can be mounted onopposite sides of the arm part.

By spacing the rings apart the packaging of the joint and/or of the armpart where the associated sensors are mounted can be greatly improved.Spacing the rings apart allows for more opportunities to locate therings at a convenient location, and allows the sensors to be spacedapart, which can itself provide packaging advantages. It is preferredthat the joint is sufficiently stiff in comparison to the number ofmagnetic poles on the rings that torsion of the joint under load willnot adversely affect measurement. For example it is preferred that thejoint is sufficiently stiff that under its maximum rated operating loadthe elements of the joint cannot twist so much that it can cause achange in the order of magnetic transitions at the sensors, even thoughthey are spaced apart. That permits direction to be detected, inaddition to motion, for all load conditions.

Arm part 311 is distal of arm part 310. Arm part 310 is proximal of thejoint about axes 102 and 103 shown in FIGS. 7 to 10. As discussed withreference to FIG. 1, data from the torque sensors and the positionsensors to be fed back to the control unit 10. It is desirable for thatdata to be passed by wired connections that run through the arm itself.

Each arm part comprises a circuit board. FIGS. 7 to 10 show a circuitboard 250 carried by arm part 311. Each circuit board includes a dataencoder/decoder (e.g. integrated circuit 251). The encoder/decoderconverts signals between formats used locally to the respective arm partand a format used for data transmission along the arm. For example: (a)locally to the arm part the position sensors may return positionreadings as they are passed by magnetic pole transitions, the torquesensor may return an analogue or digital signal indicative of thecurrently sensed torque and the drive motors may require a pulse widthmodulated drive signal; whereas (b) for data transmission along the arma generic data transmission protocol, which may be a packet dataprotocol such as Ethernet, can be used. Thus the encoders/decoders canreceive data packets conveyed along the arm from the control unit 10 andinterpret their data to form control signals for any local motor, andcan receive locally sensed data and convert it into packetised form fortransmission to the control unit. The circuit boards along the arm canbe chained together by communication cables, so that communications froma relatively distal board go via the more proximal boards.

In general it is desirable not to feed data from one component of thearm to a more distal component of the arm. Doing so would involve cablesrunning unnecessarily distally in the arm, increasing distallydistributed weight; and since the circuit boards are chained togetheronce data has been sent to a relatively distal board the next mostproximal board will handle the data anyway in order to forward it.

The compound joint about axes 102, 103 has rotary position sensors 202,203 (for rotation about axis 102) and 212 (for rotation about axis 103).Sensors 202, 203 are mounted on the frame 100 of the arm part 310 thatis proximal of the joint whose motion is measured by the sensor. Datafrom position sensors 202, 203 is fed along cables 204, 205 which leadalong arm part 310 proximally of the sensors. Sensor 202 is mounted onthe frame 101 of the arm part 311. Data from position sensor 202 is fedalong a cable to circuit board 250 on the same arm part. In each casethe data is not passed to a more distal element of the arm than the onewhere the data was collected.

The compound joint about axes 102, 103 has torque sensors 150 (forrotation about axis 103) and 191 (for rotation about axis 102). Datasensed by torque sensors 150, 191 is carried in native form to circuitboard 250 by flexible cables. At circuit board 250 the encoder/decoder251 encodes the sensed data, e.g. to Ethernet packets, and transmits itto the control unit 10. Thus, rather than being fed to the circuit boardof the more proximal arm part 310 for encoding, the data from the torquesensors is passed to the circuit board of the more distal arm part forencoding, and then from that circuit board it is passed by cables in adistal direction along the arm.

This arrangement is illustrated in FIG. 11. Arm part 310 comprisescircuit board 195 which receives data from position sensor 202 andprovides command data to motors 109, 110. Arm part 311 comprises circuitboard 250 which receives data from position sensor 212 and torquesensors 150, 191. Circuit board 250 encodes that sensed data and passesit over a data bus 196 to circuit board 195, which forwards it ontowards control unit 10 via a link 197. Position sensor 202 is connecteddirectly by a cable to circuit board 195. Position sensor 212 and torquesensors 150, 191 are connected directly by cables to circuit board 195.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, arm part 4 c is borne by arm part 311 and canbe rotated relative to arm part 4 c about axis 307. FIG. 12 shows across-section through a module that comprises arm part 4 c. The modulehas a base 400 and a side-wall 440 which is fast with the base. Base 400attaches to the end face 401 of the distal end of arm part 311. (SeeFIG. 7). Arm part 4 c is indicated generally at 403. Arm part 4 c isrotatable relative to the base about an axis 402 corresponding to axis307 of FIG. 2. To that end, arm part 4 c is mounted to the side-wall 440by bearings 430, 431 which define a revolute joint between side wall 440and arm part 4 c about axis 402.

Arm part 4 c has a housing 404 which houses its internal components.Those components include a circuit board 405 and motors 406, 407. Motors406, 407 are fixed to the housing 404 so they cannot rotate relative toit. The housing 404 is free to rotate relative to the base 400 by meansof the bearings 430, 431. A channel 408 runs through the interior of themodule to accommodate a communication cable (not shown) passing fromcircuit board 250 to circuit board 405. The communication cable carriessignals which, when decoded by an encoder/decoder of circuit board 405,cause it to issue control signals to control the operation of motors406, 407.

Motor 406 drives rotation of arm part 4 c relative to arm part 311.Thus, motor 406 drives rotation of housing 404 relative to base 400.Base 400 has a central boss 410. A torque sensor generally of the typediscussed in relation to FIGS. 9 and 10 is attached to the boss 410. Thetorque sensor has an integral member comprising a base 411, a torsiontube 412 and a radially extending head 413. The base 411 of the torquesensor is fast with the boss 410 of the base 400. As with the torquesensor of FIGS. 9 and 10, a sleeve 421 extends around the torsion tubeof the torque sensor to protect it from shear forces and to reducefriction between it and the surrounding component, which is the base400.

An internally toothed gear 420 is fast with the head 413 of the torquesensor. Motor 406 drives a shaft 414 which carries a pinion gear 415.Pinion gear 415 engages the internal gear 420. Thus, when the motor 406is operated it drives the pinion gear 415 to rotate and this causes thearm part 4 c, of which the motor 406 is part, to rotate about axis 402.The resulting torque about axis 402 is transmitted to the base 400through the torsion tube 412 of the torque sensor, allowing that torqueto be measured by strain gauges attached to the torsion tube.

The interface 8 for attachment to an instrument is shown in FIG. 12. Theshaft 440 of motor 407 is exposed at the interface for providing driveto an instrument.

Torque data from the torque sensor 411, 412, 413 is passed to circuitboard 250 on arm part 311 for encoding. The rotational position of armpart 4 c can be sensed by a sensor 445 carried by arm part 4 c and whichdetects transitions between magnetic poles on rings 446, 447 mounted onthe interior of housing 404. Data from sensor 445 is passed to circuitboard 405 of arm part 4 c for encoding.

The motors that drive rotation about joints 102 and 103 are mountedproximally of those joints, in arm part 310. As discussed above, thisimproves weight distribution by avoiding weight being placed nearer tothe distal end of the arm. In contrast, the motor that drives rotationof arm part 4 c is mounted in arm part 4 c rather than in arm part 311.Although this might be seen as disadvantageous due to it requiring motor406 to be mounted more distally, it has been found that this allows forarm part 311 to be especially compact. Motor 406 can be packaged in armpart 4 c in parallel with the motor(s) (e.g. 407) which provide drive tothe instrument: i.e. so that the motors intersect a common planeperpendicular to the axis 402. That means that incorporation of motor406 in arm part 4 c need not make arm part 4 c substantially longer.

Instead of toothed gears, the drive of the joints could be by frictionalmeans.

The applicant hereby discloses in isolation each individual featuredescribed herein and any combination of two or more such features, tothe extent that such features or combinations are capable of beingcarried out based on the present specification as a whole in the lightof the common general knowledge of a person skilled in the art,irrespective of whether such features or combinations of features solveany problems disclosed herein, and without limitation to the scope ofthe claims. The applicant indicates that aspects of the presentinvention may consist of any such individual feature or combination offeatures. In view of the foregoing description it will be evident to aperson skilled in the art that various modifications may be made withinthe scope of the invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A robot arm comprising a joint mechanism forarticulating one limb of the arm relative to another limb of the armabout two non-parallel rotation axes, the mechanism comprising: anintermediate carrier attached to a first one of the limbs by a firstrevolute joint having a pitch rotation axis and to a second one of thelimbs by a second revolute joint having a yaw rotation axis; a firstdrive gear disposed about the pitch rotation axis, the first drive gearbeing fast with the carrier; a second drive gear disposed about the yawrotation axis, the second drive gear being fast with the second one ofthe limbs; a first drive shaft for driving the first drive gear torotate about the pitch rotation axis, the first drive shaft extendingalong the first one of the limbs and having a first shaft gear thereon,the first shaft gear being arranged to engage the first drive gear; asecond drive shaft for driving the second drive gear to rotate about theyaw rotation axis, the second drive shaft extending along the first oneof the limbs and having a second shaft gear thereon; and an intermediategear train borne by the carrier and coupling the second shaft gear tothe second drive gear.
 2. A robot arm as claimed in claim 1, wherein theintermediate gear train comprises a first intermediate gear disposedabout the pitch rotation axis, the first intermediate gear beingarranged to engage the second shaft gear.
 3. A robot arm as claimed inclaim 2, further comprising a control unit arranged to respond tocommand signals commanding motion of the robot arm by driving the firstand second drive shafts to rotate, the control unit being configured to,when the robot arm is commanded to articulate about the pitch axiswithout articulating about the yaw axis, drive the first shaft to rotateto cause articulation about the pitch axis and also drive the secondshaft to rotate in such a way as to negate parasitic articulation aboutthe yaw axis.
 4. A robot arm as claimed in claim 1, wherein theintermediate gear train comprises a plurality of interlinked gearsarranged to rotate about axes parallel with the pitch rotation axis. 5.A robot arm as claimed in claim 1, wherein the intermediate gear traincomprises an intermediate shaft arranged to rotate about an axisparallel with the pitch rotation axis, the intermediate shaft having athird shaft gear thereon, the third shaft gear being arranged to engagethe second drive gear.
 6. A robot arm as claimed in claim 5, wherein theintermediate gear train comprises a plurality of interlinked gearsarranged to rotate about axes parallel with the pitch rotation axis andwherein the interlinked gears are on one side of a plane perpendicularto the pitch axis and containing the teeth of the first drive gear, andat least part of the third shaft gear is on the other side of thatplane.
 7. A robot arm as claimed in claim 5, wherein the third shaftgear is a worm gear.
 8. A robot arm as claimed in claim 1, wherein oneor both of the first and second shaft gears is/are worm gears.
 9. Arobot arm as claimed in claim 1, wherein one or both of the first drivegears is/are bevel gear(s).
 10. A robot arm as claimed in claim 9,wherein one or both of the first drive gears is/are skew axis gear(s).11. A robot arm as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first drive gear is apart-circular gear.
 12. A robot arm as claimed in claim 11, wherein atleast part of the second drive gear intersects a circle about the pitchaxis that is coincident with the radially outermost part of the firstdrive gear.
 13. A robot arm as claimed in claim 11, wherein theintermediate gear train comprises an intermediate shaft arranged torotate about an axis parallel with the pitch rotation axis, theintermediate shaft having a third shaft gear thereon, the third shaftgear being arranged to engage the second drive gear and wherein at leastpart of the intermediate shaft intersects a circle about the pitch axisthat is coincident with the radially outermost part of the first drivegear.
 14. A robot arm as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pitch and yawaxes are orthogonal.
 15. A robot arm as claimed in claim 1, wherein thepitch and yaw axes intersect each other.